Leonard Peltier Case essays

Leonard Peltier Case articles One of the cutting edge Native Americans' most conspicuous pioneers, Leonard Peltier, was captured in the mid year of 1975 and in the end condemned to two life terms for a wrongdoing many accept he didn't submit. The conviction and detainment of Leonard Peltier is a shamefulness. His indictment by the United States government speaks to one more endeavor to snuff out American Indian culture and pioneers. The straightforwardness of Peltier and other AIM individuals might be the main motivation behind why Leonard Peltier has sat in jail throughout the previous 24 years. Leonard Peltier is a Native American of blended blood, being roughly 75 percent Sioux blood. His initial life could be there story of practically any Native American experiencing childhood in the 1960's. Conceived in Grand Forks, ND, he was brought up in neediness on the res, as Peltier says in his book, My Life Is My Sundance, My Grandfather used to get back home from the store with our apportions, and I would consistently ask him for what good reason he was unable to bring progressively (24). Peltier was later expelled by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) to a life experience school after his granddad died. This unsanctioned expulsion was Leonard's first taste of the interruption of the US Government into Native American life. At the school, the BIA endeavored to strip every Indian quality, including trimming the kid's long hair. The school was controlled by a severe director, which implied visit and extreme disciplines. The sound of a kid being struck and the shouting and crying that follows still frequents me today. I can't stand to see a youngster punished (Peltier, 26). A couple of years after the fact, a teenaged Peltier was permitted to get back to home and go living with his family on the Turtle Ridge Reservation in North Dakota. He before long got his first taste of prejudice when a gathering of white young men started tossing rocks at him. As Leonard relates in Peter Matthiessen's In The Spirit Of Crazy Horse, One of the more seasoned ones stated, He's a filthy... <!

Emotional Ability or Emotional Intelligence Essay Example for Free

Passionate Ability or Emotional Intelligence Essay Passionate capacity or enthusiastic insight is the capacity to survey, distinguish and control the feelings of oneself. It is likewise the capacity to perceive the effect of your own feelings upon your conduct and know about the feelings of others around you (Rosete, Ciracohhi, 2001). This isn't generally a simple undertaking. It is an ability you need to work at continually. Consolidate these sentences to offer an immediate remark. Since the cerebrum will in general go into battle or flight mode rapidly and effectively, we need to make sense of a methodology on the best way to think before we respond. Responding is instinctual and an approach to battle an instinctual response is to sharpen your attention to your own passionate state (Rosete, Ciracohhi, 2001). Recognizing what occasions may trigger an enthusiastic reaction will assist you with being ready to deal with a response, deal with your reactions and move from being receptive to proactive. Quite a long while back I worked at a social assistance office and experienced difficulty with my boss. She was a ceaseless and predictable micromanager and consistently intruded on my undertakings to relegate another assignment that was modest and unremarkable. She would give me an undertaking to deal with and afterward monitor me continually to perceive how it was going and how far along I had come. It made me crazy! I turned out to be so alarmed and unsettled at her conduct that she incited me to close down and I turned out to be totally disobedient. One assignment she gave me was so totally superfluous that I straight cannot. I was focused and exceptionally enthusiastic. I revealed to her that assignment was a period squanderer and Im not going to carry out that responsibility or whatever else until she approached me with deference and stop small scale overseeing me. I was furious, shaking and crying. She promptly went to HR and disclosed to them I was resistant, furious and loudly injurious. I realized that wasnt the case: I had sufficiently had. I consent to intervention with somebody from the HR office whom I trusted to give me a reasonable intercession. On the off chance that individuals from the group regard the lead mediator, the procedure is sensible (address 8). Prior to the intervention, I attempted to get a hold of myself with the goal that I wouldnt be so enthusiastic during the gathering. I knew I wouldnt have as much believability in the event that I was obviously excessively enthusiastic. I attempted to rehearse some self-administration for the gathering. I needed to concentrate on procedures for control of my movement and my enthusiastic motivations (Mason, 2010). This was without any result. I was so angered by the conduct of my director that I totally separated in intercession. I attempted to stifle outrage however it turned out in my tears. I was an enthusiastic wreck and realized that my feelings were excessively far gone to attempt to control now. Regardless of everything, the intercession worked out positively and we dealt with certain methodologies that would have permitted me more opportunity while giving my administrator the confirmation that the undertaking would be finished. Unbeknownst to them, I got together and exited at noon and stayed away forever. I realized that I could always be unable to move forward after that day with any measure of poise or regard after such an enthusiastic breakdown and didnt even need to attempt. We as a whole have feelings that impact our reaction to the world around yet when representatives have a high fitness of enthusiastic insight they can oversee feelings and not let them impact their reactions to their condition (Mason, 2010). Individuals dont follow the individuals who cannot control their feelings and those sort of laborers for the most part make for poor workers and poor pioneers. References Bricklayer, K. (2010, December 5). For what reason is enthusiastic insight significant in the business work environment? .The Thriving Small Business, 2-4. Rosete, D., Ciracohhi, J. (2001). Passionate insight and its relationship to work environment execution results of authority adequacy .Leadership Organization Development Journal ,26(5), 288-296.

Joint Functions Commander's Planning Guidance Coursework

Joint Functions Commander's Planning Guidance - Coursework Example CFLCC units will be set up for change to Phase II (Seize the Initiative) activities should consecutive FDOs neglect to forestall an assault by Ahurastan (AH) into Azerbaijan (AZ). The CFLCC order staff’s issue outline has recognized two territories of concern. The first is that the authority has distinguished the versatility hall region of GANJA (KIROVABAD) as definitive landscape in CFLCC’s development from TBILISI to the KURA River bowl. This portability passageway is canalized by urban territory in the north and precipitous landscape in the south. The CFLCC order accepts that inability to control this portability passage will fundamentally obstruct the achievement of IAW EUCOM CONPLAN 4567-15. e. The second zone of concern is that AH may assault before JTF-CASPIAN has completely conveyed. The CFLCC order has examined this ECOA, and their most pessimistic scenario appraisal is that the ADF detachments sent along the AZ fringe may just have the option to postpone AH gr ound powers 24-48 hours. As a result of the quickened course of events, there will be constrained JTF-CASPIAN powers accessible to help this possibility strategic. OPERATION’S PURPOSE: Prevent Ahurastan powers from controlling the portability hall from the region of GANJA (KIROVABAD) to BAKU using a THREE PHASE OPLAN,. Ok Capstone strategic the confinement of BAKU IOT prompting a political settlement that will perceive AH’s oil asserts in the area. Stage I â€DETER-Pre-struggle readiness and change to war: M-day to D-day. Give forceful observation and nearness inside the GANJA (KIROVABAD) to BAKU Area of Operations (AO). Blend and coordinate consolidated fight plan and request of commitment with every single unified power AZ. Begin pre-emptive Phase II (Seize) organization of powers into arranging territories. Stage II-SEIZE-Initial change to war. D-day to OPLAN Day 4. Begin ban assaults with long-extend flames and assault avionics forward of PL BLACK to upset lead strategic

Writing a Personal Statement at a College Or University

Writing a Personal Statement at a College Or UniversityWriting a personal statement at a college or university is the first step to getting accepted for graduate school. It is a formal document that highlights who you are and what you can contribute to the institution or program you are applying to. The use of personal statement examples is an effective way to help you develop and express your thoughts in the best way possible.The academic work you have done on your own is very important to show a strong student that you have the ability to meet the demands of the program. This is why it is essential to develop your personal statement from a solid foundation in the basics, which is more or less the same as what you will be presenting to a committee reviewing your application. All students who attend university or college expect to get accepted, but you cannot rely solely on your GPA alone. Personal statement examples help you find ways to express your ideas and thoughts in a more eff icient manner, therefore making you stand out from other applicants.The personal statement examples do not need to be just words, they should be a writing experience and provide tangible information that can help you succeed at your school. For example, you might consider using a block quote, or a paragraph that explains something that you have observed in a situation. This would give you a tangible reason to attach your points, and others will see it as more than just a bio. In addition, it could be used to help show a compelling story that would stand out from others.Another idea you could use is to include your favorite quote from a book or a movie, the reason that you think that you have a special talent, and perhaps something else that you hope would interest the admissions committee. A personal statement example is very powerful when used effectively. Remember, your application and the admissions committee need to receive the information and stories you provide. The informatio n should be interesting, specific, and representative of who you are.When developing your personal statement examples, you want to remember the good qualities you hold, the qualities that will help you succeed in graduate school. In addition, you also want to be honest, for this is what will separate you from the rest of the applicants. If you are given the chance to express all your thoughts, you will be a much more attractive and believable applicant. It is also important to write what you would personally like the admissions committee to see, to better explain why you deserve acceptance.Using a personal statement examples can really help you communicate your thoughts to a committee. However, remember that you need to be realistic and fully prepared before you turn in your statement. It is crucial that you carefully plan your personal statement and its development, because you want it to be great and show everyone exactly what you can do. You should also make sure you have written the material correctly before submitting it and check your grammar and spelling every time you do so.You are making a commitment to attend graduate school, so you must develop a strong foundation for your personal statement. You should also prepare it thoroughly to ensure it can be read and appreciated by the admissions committee. Whether you plan to apply to medical school, law school, or any of the many graduate programs in academia, it is important to have a strong beginning when it comes to personal statement examples.

Essay on Nonverbal Communication and Cultural Differences

Nonverbal communication has always played an important role in the entire communication process. It may include gestures, kinesics, haptics and other means, which a person incorporates into the communication process. These acts make the communication process more effective and meaningful. However, nonverbal communication is highly influenced by cultural differences as the context of the culture defines how the message is interpreted. This essay will analyse several types of nonverbal communication such as proxemics, haptics, kinesics, semiotics and paralinguistic. It will also analyse the messages conveyed by these nonverbal communication types in different cultures and their impact on the non-verbal communication process in relative†¦show more content†¦Social status also affects proxemics in different cultures; people of equal status sit close to each other than people of unequal status. Like, in Japan, people of equal rank sit close to each other, and in America, it is contrary. (Bonvillain, 1999) Haptics, which is mode of nonverbal communication, involves communication through touch. Cultural context plays an imperative role in deciphering the nonverbal communication message conveyed. It is noted that people of Mediterranean, Middle eastern and Latin American employ much social touching in the conversation than the people of the North America and Northern Europe imparts less social touching which is limited to the hand shake, shoulder touch, and back slapping. While in some Asian countries like Japan, social touching is usually avoided due to the status and rank of the people. Henley (1977) says that relative power in a relationship is signalled by who touches and who is touched. In Philippines, people enjoy more social touching in conversation. Hand shaking and kiss on the cheek between males is general norm in an Arab culture while in western culture, hand shaking is common in men and kiss on the cheek is common in women. Kind of touch exhibits different mean in different cultures, such as backslapping is sign of approval or appreciation in someShow MoreRelated Cultural Differences in Nonverbal Communication Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesmovements, known as nonverbal communication. The reason for people using nonverbal communication is to enhance the message they are sending to the receiver. One way nonverbal communication differs is through cultural differences. Cultural differences have a significant impact on nonverbal communication as cultures differ greatly in their nonverbal interpretations and responses. Firstly, this essay will prove how kinesics can create barriers between people as types of nonverbal cues differ amongstRead MoreCross Cultural Differences Nonverbal Communication Essay919 Words   |  4 Pages Gestures provide one of the most obvious cases of cross-cultural differences in nonverbal communication. In South Italy gesture use is prominent and many gestures are conventional. These include ‘pragmatic’ gestures th at indicate type of speech act or aspects of discourse structure and ‘substantive’ gestures that express utterance content (Kendon, n.d.). The examples of conventional ‘pragmatic’ gestures are the Mano a borsa(‘purse hand’) and the Mani giunte (‘praying hands’) are well known andRead MoreSpatial Zones And Body Language996 Words   |  4 PagesBody Language Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Leah Breiss and Briana Valdez Clark University Author Note This paper was prepared for Management 170 Managerial Communication taught by Professor Cheryl Amantea during the Semester Term Fall 2016 Spatial Zones and Body Language Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Introduction Nonverbal communication plays a central role in any conversation. Eye contact, posture, and proximity all determine how verbal communication is interpretedRead MorePersonal Space And Body Language : Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesLanguage: Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Leah Breiss and Brieana Valdez Clark University Author Note This paper was prepared for Management 170 Managerial Communication during the Fall Term 2016 Personal Space and Body Language: Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Introduction Nonverbal communication is a major factor in every conversation. Eye contact, posture, and personal space determine how verbal communication is interpreted. Learning to use and understand nonverbal communicationRead MorePersonal Space And Body Language Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesLanguage Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Leah Breiss and Brieana Valdez Clark University Author Note This paper was prepared for Management 170 Managerial Communication during the Fall Term 2016 Personal Space and Body Language Nonverbal Communication Across Cultures Introduction Nonverbal communication is a major factor role in every conversation. Eye contact, posture, and personal space determine how verbal communication is interpreted. Personal space is the aspect of nonverbal communicationRead MoreIs Nonverbal Communication Important? Essay1056 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Nonverbal communication plays a central role in every conversation. Eye contact, posture, and proximity determine how verbal communication is interpreted. Every culture has its own form of nonverbal communication that impacts the way a person is understood outside their homeland. Erin Meyer, an American writer, misinterpreted her audience in Japan because they were using a form of nonverbal communication she did not understand. Egypt’s nonverbal communication differs from Australia’sRead More Cultural Differences in Communication Essay1402 Words   |  6 Pageswe do. How a society perceives personal values and norms can drastically change how things are interpreted and could be offensive to some. Meanings and connotations in many gestures and words are not the same universally. Understanding through Communication Many people think that underneath â€Å"we are all the same† and they assume individual personal qualities and good intentions will close any gaps. Because we live in a culturally diverse society, people will encounter individuals from different racesRead MoreThe Term â€Å"Culture† Refers To The Complex Accumulation Of1415 Words   |  6 Pageswe do. How a society perceives personal values and norms can drastically change how things are interpreted and could be offensive to some. Meanings and connotations in many gestures and words are not the same universally. Understanding through Communication Many people think that underneath â€Å"we are all the same† and they assume individual personal qualities and good intentions will close any gaps. Because we live in a culturally diverse society, people will encounter individuals from different racesRead MoreThe Effects of Nonverbal Cues1115 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication is a vital form of survival for most breathing life forms, including the human population. Communication is defined as a form of symbolic expressions to create meaning. There are two types of communication: verbal and nonverbal. Verbal communication is directing messages from one party to another through sound. Nonverbal communication has more depth to it; there is more meaning in its nonverbal gestures such as body language. Albert Mehrabin is a UCLA Professor who developed aRead MoreThe Effects Of Tactile Communication On The Human Resource Manager ( Hrm )1250 Words   |  5 PagesOne type of nonverbal communication is haptics. Haptics refers t o the study of communication by touch (Anonymous, 2012). According to Anonymous, 2012, â€Å"touch is necessary for human social development, and it can be welcoming, threatening, or persuasive.† The meaning of a simple touch differs between individuals, genders, and cultures. It is important for the Human Resource Manager (HRM) to recognize these differences in order to improve communication and be effective in the workplace. Tactile communication

Modern Judaism And Traditional Judaism Essay - 2018 Words

There is a fair amount of differences between modern and traditional Judaism. As this is the case, it is only natural that many well-known people in all walks of life can be considered â€Å"modern Jews.† This distinction is very important because as more famous people practice a more modern Jewish culture and lifestyle, more of the younger generations of the world quickly follow suit. Not only is modern Judaism accommodating towards modern scholarship, science, culture and a general modernity of the world, it goes as far as even welcoming it. This is because modern Judaism takes a fairly inclusive stance towards all that modern society has to offer and provide. (Waxman, 1993) In modern Judaism, interaction with different culture and knowledge is encouraged, not for the sake of facilitating the Torah as it is in the traditional Judaism, but for the sake of the person, as this outside knowledge is seen to be part of a larger truth. (Elias, 1960) With these general distinctions between traditional and modern Judaism, it is easy to find examples of people in popular culture that fit into the classification. One person who could be argued to be a good example of a modern Jew – someone who takes part in life outside of Jewish culture and welcomes with open arms modernity – is Woody Allen. As an 80-year-old man, Allen has had to struggle with the shift from traditional to modern Judaism and create a mixture (or lack thereof) that works for him. As an individual tying his whole lifeShow MoreRelatedModern Judaism And Traditional Judaism Essay2020 Words   |  9 Pages There are a fair amount of differences between modern and traditional Judaism. As this is the case it is only natural that many well-known people in all walks of life can be considered â€Å"modern Jews.† This distinction is very important because as more famous people practice a more modern Jewish culture and lifestyle, more of the younger generations of the world quickly follow suit. Not only is modern Judaism accommodating towards modern scholarship, science, culture and a general modernity of theRead MoreThe Reform Movement: From Classical Reform to the Present 1141 Words   |  5 Pages Reform Judaism started as a response to the Enlightenment that occurred in the late 17th and the early 18th century. The Jewish people needed to determine how to best combine new ideologies with their religious practices. The Jewish people suddenly had a new, non-Jewish world that they could be apart of. Some started to lose interest in religion. The Reform Judaism movement was created to adapt to these changes in society. The movement’s fundamental belief was that religious change is good (KaplanRead MoreThe Significance Of The Enlightenment And Modern Judaism1420 Words   |  6 PagesQns 2. Explain and critically evaluate the significance of the Enlightenment to the development of modern Judaism. The Enlightenment and Modern Judaism Sapere aude! The Rise of the Enlightened man. The Enlightenment also known as the Haskalah movement began in the 18th century. In his 1784 essay entitled: â€Å"Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?†, Immanuel Kant (1959) described the Enlightenment as ‘‘man’s release from his self-incurred tutelage. Tutelage is man’s inability to make useRead MoreReligion Is The Sense Of Mystery For The Unknown And Adoration1381 Words   |  6 Pagesthe modern Branches of Judaism. What factors in your view account for the apparent inter-denominational harmony among the various groups? (Page 126) The Reform, Orthodox, Conservative, Reconstructionist, and Humanistic are modern branches of Judaism that ...reconcile centuries-old-traditions with the new ways of thinking and living promoted by the European Enlightenment (Oxford, 126). The Reform branch of Judaism is the most liberal of all the others and the issues regarding traditional ritualsRead MoreThe Role of Judaism in Family Relationships: Article Analysis1235 Words   |  5 PagesKrieger, Aliza. The Role of Judaism in Family Relationships. Introduction: According to Aliza Krieger, author of the article titled The Role of Judaism in Family Relationships, because Judaism plays an important role in a Jewish persons identity, Judaism should be incorporated into family-based therapy. Judaism itself is more than just a persons religious beliefs, it is also part of a Jewish persons ethnicity and culture as well. And because Judaism plays an important role in familyRead MoreJudaism : The Religious Life Of Israel1590 Words   |  7 Pages Judaism, while there are many, is one of the oldest surviving religions in the world. Judaism is a way of describing an approach to serving God. It is the term used to describe the religious life of Israel. Judaism is a way of life that has been observed by the Jewish people for almost 3,300 years, starting when the ancestral Father of Israel, Abraham was chosen by God. Jews deem themselves as descendants of Abraham and Sarah, Rachel and Jacob and Leah, Zilpah and Bilhah, and Isaac and Rebekah.Read MoreWhat is homosexuality? Homosexuality is the romantic or sexual attraction or sexual behavior900 Words   |  4 Pagesrights. What is Judaism? Judaism is the religion, philosophy, and the way of life of the Jewish people. Judaism is a monotheistic religion. It is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenantal relationship God established with the children of Israel. Traditional Judaism views homosexual acts as wrong, but more liberal branches of Judaism (Conservati ve, Reform, and Reconstructionist) are more supportive of homosexuality. Many Traditional, or Orthodox, Judaism reject civil andRead MoreMoses Mendelssohn s Thoughts On Judaism907 Words   |  4 Pagesthoughts on Judaism, mainly laid out in Jerusalem, Or on Religious Authority and Judaism, were meant to show non-Jews that Judaism was already compatible with enlightenment ideas as is. He had no thoughts on changing how Jews practiced Judaism in any way. Mendelssohn himself remained an observant Jew and felt he could do so while still studying and contributing to secular subjects. However, early reformers believed that the practice of Judaism needed to be changed for Jews to fit into modern times. Read MoreThree Main Religions in the Middle East 897 Words   |  4 PagesMany have heard the term â€Å"the three major religions†, but how many know what is meant by this? The three major religions are referring to the religions in the Middle East countries, such as Iran, Iraq, etc. The religions are Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. With the close proximity of these countries, but the differing views on things, mainly religion, creates some conflicts and hostility. In America, people are allowed to worship who they want, and believe in what they choose. When someone says theyRead MoreJudaism : The Oldest Monotheistic Religion1002 Words   |  5 PagesJudaism is the oldest monotheistic religion, a religion that includes many rules and guidelines that guide the Jewish adherent to keep the right relationship with God and the right relationship with family and neighbours as well. The Torah refers to the first five books of the Jewish scriptures, or the Pentateuch. It is the s acred Jewish book of commandments given to Moses from God at the top of Mount Sinai, which contains all of the 613 mitzva that guide Jewish adherents to be faithful to the covenant

Culture Organizations Management Strategies -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Culture Organizations Management Strategies? Answer: Introducation The concept of human resource management is based on the philosophy of business and management oriented and formulation of strategies of human resources is related with the culture of organization. Culture of organization has great impact on human resource development program as they intend to provide a broad structure and opportunities for the development of technical and behavioral skills of human resources in organization. An organization embedding ethical values in its culture would be able to guide the conduct of its employees. One of the sources of competitive advantage of organization is cultural traits that cause variations in organizational excellence and human resource strategies. If an organization has flatter structure, then more number of employees are incorporated in decision making process and in case of taller structure, decision making is done by higher authority and decisions are cascaded faster. Employees of organization can be acclimatized towards objective of org anization by organizational means (Bahramiet al. 2013). Organizational culture is associated with beliefs and values that are shared by personnel and employees. Culture of organization influences the strategy of methods of human resource development such as training, selection and recruitment. If the organization has decentralized structure, then it emphasizes on empowerment and power of employees. Strategies in such culture are developed in a way that leads to increased responsiveness to flexibility and market forces. In some organizations, decisions taken tend to be centralized that is people in upper level of management are entitled to take decisions. Some other organization might place importance on goal setting, career development with the objective of maximizing customer services and performance of employees (Jackson et al. 2014). When an organization has centralized organizational structure, implementation of strategy is done consistently, and policies related to human resour ce is easier. Management is able to control and govern their employees in easier way. However, it is certainly possible that the culture of proposed human resource management will have conflict with the traditional managerial attitude and behavior and the established corporate culture. The importance of financial resources in the creation of a human resource management strategy. The effectiveness of strategies of human resources is dependent upon financial performances of organization. Human resources of organization are intimately tied to the success of human resource strategy of any organization. Need of financial resources for the development of strategy of human resources is dealt with ensuring wellbeing of employees, profitability and long-term financial stability of organization. Managing financial resources is one of the key internal functions of any organization and it assists them in shaping the strategies of dealing with human resources (Marler and Fisher 2013). Financial resources helps in the implementation of sustainable and substantial cost containment strategies that leads to a considerable increase in optimum utilization and development of human resources along with human resources planning. There are several factors that impacts formation of human resource strategies such as minimum wages, remuneration packages and nature of contracts. Nature of contracts with workforce helps in shaping the strategy and employees working on contract are regarded as temporary employees who will be provided with separate policies as compared to primary policies. It is said that management and productivity are not separable, and motivation helps in enhancing productivity. Climate of enhanced productivity can be transformed by management to long lasting culture if they are able to improve areas of decision making, clarity and development of human resource. Realistic compensation structure can be developed with the help of available financial resources as it helps in development of budget for assisting organization in maintaining worker tracks and retaining them. Financial resources help in purchasing of various inputs essential for human resource development and management of human resources. Such resources help in the development of designs and policies of human resources that helps in defining the relationship between internal busine ss process, growth and learning growth and performance management system (Kramar 2014). The factors affecting human resource management in a named organization Several numbers of factors affect human resource management of EasiClean plc that is a manufacturing organization. Some of the most important factors inflecting the development of human resource management include international business strategies, nature of subsidiary and administrative heritage. Government legislation- An organization is required to align their human resource strategies with that of government strategies. The way companies conduct staffing is regulated by regulations at state, federal and local levels. These are regarded as sensitive areas of legal concerns that need to be taken into account while framing human resource policies. An organization is required to comply with regulations framed by government in order to perform seamlessly. Adherence to regulations enables them to acquire human resources in competitive way and gaining access to talented people for the organization as a whole. Current situation of organization- The human resource strategies of the organization is influenced by the ongoing scenario. Analyzing the current situation of organization and taking into accounts its several aspects such as people, system and processes will help in strategy formulation that aligns with the current system. The different subsidiaries and divisions of Al Marai is maintained and handled by effective divisions of workers. Such personnel have extensive experience in human resources and administration. Organization has been able to successfully manage the bottom line despite of difficult operating conditions of company. Some of strategic issues of organization such as need of human resources and financial environment in which it operates are required to be taken into consideration while framing human resource strategies. Administrative heritage- The policies of HRM is strongly shaped by the administrative heritage that is not visible. Several factors help in shaping the heritage of multinational manufacturing organization such as internationalization history and culture of organization. Policies of HRM are influenced largely by competence of organization over others (Riley 2014). The administrative heritage of company involves chief executive officer, assistant to chief executive officer, executive for handling environmental corporate strategy, general manger handling bakery department, general manager handling corporate affairs, farming, general manager of support services and corporate human resources, corporate marketing executives, dairy, bakery and juice, general manager handling manufacturing and sustainability, general manager of poultry and new businesses. There should appropriate corporate hierarchical structure and management hierarchy enables proper functioning of business. The impact of government legislation on human resource management strategies. The practices of human resources management in an organization is impacted largely by the legislation of government of country in which they are carrying out their operations. Management of human resources department of any organization needs to comply with various policies, laws and regulations of governing entities. There are differing employment law regulations for different countries or state that affects topics on management of human resources such as labor relations, Employee retention, checking records of employee criminals and sexual harassment of employees and their exploitation. Department of human resource of any organization is constantly pressurized to adhere with the government regulations leading to new workplace compliance standards (Walsh 2015). Such types of regulations influence every process of organizations human resource department and this includes hiring, selection, training, recruiting, compensation and termination. An organization might be penalized extensively if they do not adhere to government regulations for formulation human resource strategies. In context of competitiveness, employers and employees influence the industrial relation system. Trade unions of organization are also impacted by regulations of government. Government decisions might enforce transformational change in any organization. Employment laws of any organization are impacted largely by the regulations of government. Privacy policies such as data protection laws, terms and conditions of employment, trade unions and laws on employee discrimination are dependent upon regulations imposed by government. Laws of human and labor in organization is related with the practices imposed by government agencies (Coetzer and Sitlington 2014). The ground work for creating an inclusive workplace and supporting a creating diversity at workplace is done by organization by aligning itself to legislation of organization. Improved job opportunities within organization are supported by adhering to some employment acts initiated by government. Organization adhering to laws ensures that there is appropriate classification of employees to their job duties. It enables HR professionals within organization to become well verse in changing area of law of employment for minimizing liability of organization in all aspects of operations of human resource management (Snell et al. 2015). The way a multinational manufacturing organization conducts staffing of its human resources is regulated by practices and laws at state, federal and local levels. Some of the practices that are required to be incorporated in the formulation of strategies of human resource management of an organization so that employees are equally treated and with due respect. Practices of providing equal opportunities to employees, sexual harassment and affirmative action is included in the strategies formulation. Some other laws and regulations that impacts the strategies of human resources management involves national labor regulations act, occupation and safety act, age discrimination employment act, mandatory retirement act, family and medical leave act and worker adjustment and retraining notification act. Privacy policies suggested by regulations provide organization with legal rights for accessing to information about performance of job and employees in certain jurisdictions. All the instance s of the laws and regulation of government influence every aspect of employees ranging from their privacy to performance. Equal employment opportunity actor employment equity Act- This particular act helps in improving job opportunities for employees in specific groups such as aboriginal people, women, people with disabilities and visible minoritys members. This particular legislation helps Sainsbury in ensuring strict prohibition and discouraging of several discriminations at workplace. Moreover, it is required by organization to follow the guidelines for mandating equal treatment of employees. Vocational rehabilitation Act- It is the federal law that enables authorization of supporting employment, vocational rehabilitation programs, client assistance and independent living. Human rights Act- This act provides employees within organization with equal opportunities without regard to ethnic or national origin, without regard to race or religion, family, sex and marital status. The medical leave and federal family Act- As per this act, eligible employees are provided with the ability to take unpaid leave for variety of circumstances such as serious conditions of spouse, senior employees and qualification of exigency concerning active military services. It is of utmost important on part of manufacturing and multinational companies to make efforts to stay abreast of regulatory and legislative developments in the area of human resource management. Organizations are required to keep track of development at state and federal level concerning regulations on human resources. The different models of strategic human resource management. Some of the models of strategic human resource management are as follows: Guest HRM model- Under this model, one of the vital outcomes of human resource management is employee commitment that is basically concerned with obtaining behavior consequence in terms of cooperation, increased efforts and involvement of employees that is regarded as organizational citizenship. As per the model, an organization can experience increased performance outcome and improved behavior when three outcome of human resource management are met. These outcomes comprise of commitment, quality and flexibility. It is argued by guest that an organization can achieve related outcome and higher productivity as per standard of industry, when a coherent strategy is adopted that integrates with business strategy and are sponsored by line management. Performance outcome is measured in terms of greater productivity, innovation, quality, reduced absenteeism, and reduced conflict lower labor turnover. Relation between strategy of organization and practices of HRM is provided by implementatio n of this model (Marler and Fisher 2013). Sainsbury Company operating in UK employs guest HRM model for maintaining commitment of employees for goal seeking through strategic management. This helps in improving productivity and overall performance of organization. Contingency model or best fit model- The strategy adopted by organization concerning human resources becomes more efficient when it is tailored according to environment and context of business. Internal and external elements are two fit that are linked to strategy of human resource. Best practice- This model is based on universalism and makes the assumption that set of practice is aimed at delivering high performance that will provide benefits to organization in all aspects. Organization under this model seeks to employ best practices that will help in compounding the performance of employees. Some of the elements of best practices include team working, sophisticated selection, employment security, communication and empowerment of employees (Stredwick 2013). HRM and personnel management- Human resource management is regarded as superior to personnel management as it provides strategic in two senses. Strategies of human resources are closely related with overall corporate and business strategies. The function of human resources is conceived in strategic ways rather than reactive ways. Patterson model- The factors that determine high and good performance is depicted in the Patterson model. An organization can improve their performance by implementing this model by adoption of several practices. These practices involve increasing abilities and skills of employees, enhancing motivation and positive attitude promotion and enabling employees to make full utilization of their abilities and skills by giving them with expanded responsibilities (Schippmann 2013). How human resource management contributes to the achievement of the organizations strategic plans. Strategy of organization is supported by various activities of Human resources management. Strategic human capital function operating within the complex and dynamic environment is reflected in the human resource department. Some of the activities that enable strategic planning of organization are listed below: Human resources leverage all the areas of organization and it is required to be ensured that strategy determination is aligned effectively with human resources. A new perspective of human resource development is required to capitalize on leverage. Human resource management helps in creating alignment between strategic planning and human resources activities. An organization is able to succeed when performance of organization is strategically linked to human resource department. For the enlargement of human capital within organization, it is required to develop every element of human resource management such as selection, training, compensation and hiring. The strategic plans of organization can be achieved through alignment of strategic human resource management plans and organizational strategy. Human capital understanding enables employees to work towards organizational goals. Strategies of business can be altered according to changing circumstances such as reduction in business, i ncreasing use of technology for enhancing production (Bamberger et al. 2014). Some of planning models that can be used for achieving strategic plans of organization are people maturity model, 5P model and human capital strategy. People maturity model- This model provides a maturity framework that focuses on continuously and improving the management of human assets or any information system within organization. There is involuntary improvement in the path from performance practice that are not consistent. Five levels of maturity are incorporated in the model for improving the practice of people management. Key process levels are involved in the maturity levels. Organization has an improvement program when they achieve each maturity levels. The 5 model of strategic human resource management incorporates five different activities of human resources. This involves philosophies, policies, program, processes and practices. Philosophy defines culture and values of business and provides strategy of managing people. Policies are guidelines and shared values for taking action concerning HR programs and HR related business issues and helps in facilitation of change. Processes define how activities are defined for its implementation and formulation. Practice intends to motivate needs role behaviors such as operational role and leadership managerial for managing human resources (Nel et al. 2014). Relationship between strategic plans and HRM: The plan of each resource within organization is ensured by management when it intends to develop strategic plans. Issues of personnel are required to be incorporated within formulation of strategic planning. Management of human resources entails organization to strategically apply the policies and formulates them accordingly and it should addressed needs of employees. The implementation of strategic planning within organization is supported by expansion of administrative function of human resources department (Fratri?ov and Rudy 2015). Credibility of department can be increased by increasing the competencies of personnel of Human resources and integrating it into their strategic plan. The bottom line of business is impacted by having a clear understanding of how the human resource management affects the strategic plan. Business seeking growth and harnessing of its potential and values make use of human resource activities such as training and selection. Employees are able to contribute to organizational development in accordance with strategies of business by way of strategic training and development (Min 2015). Therefore, it can be said that human resources department plays an important role in strategically planning of organization. Extension activities: Evaluation of the different models of preparing strategic human resource management plans for an organization such as EasiClean. EasiClean is a multinational manufacturing company that needs to have proper human resource management plan to handle their personnels and employees. The preparation of strategic human resource management of organization can be developed by evaluating several models that are discussed below: Guest HRM model- According to this model, it is difficult to establish relationship between high performance and commitment. A flow approach is employed under this model that leads to underpinning of strategic practices and creating desired outcomes. This model involves six dimensions of analysis that can be incorporated by EasiClean plc such as outcome, practices, strategy of human resource management. Financial, behavioral and financial outcomes are also considered under this model (Khalil et al. 2013). Harvard model- Implementation of Harvard model by EasiClean requires line managers to accept responsibility for aligning personnel policies and competitive strategies. Human resources policies are set for making the activities of personnel mutually reinforcing. The context of human resource management would be widened by including employee influence and associated question of supervisory style. Model would give emphasis on the adoption of strategic choices that is not driven by environmental and situational determinism. Choice of management of human resource strategies is impacted by broad range of contextual influences and the model makes the acknowledgement of such influencing factors (Kramar 2014). It helps in achieving the objectives of business by recognizing importance of trade of between employer, employees and other group of interests. As per the framework of this model, significant stakeholders in an organization are employees who have their own concerns and need. Four policies of are outlined by the framework of Harvard model and this involves human resource flows, employee influence, work system and reward systems. Employees get influenced due to enhanced power, responsibility and delegated authority levels. Human resource flows involve selection, recruitment, appraisal, termination and promotion. Motivation and pay system are included in reward system. Alignment of people and work designs are included in work systems. Harvard model is employed by organization on belief that human resource provides them with competitive advantage and employees should be treated as assets rather than cost. While employment of guest model helps in maintaining strategic fit between business strategy and HR strategy. As per Harvard model, creation of human resource strategies requires incorporation of interest of various groups of stakeholders that will help in formulation of business strategies. Guest models illustrates that effectiveness of organization incorporates crucial components such as strategic integration, high commitment, flexibility and quality (Campbell 2014). Former model imbibes hard soft approach to human resource management while latter involves both hard and soft approach to management of human resources. The factors to be considered when preparing human resource management strategies. The formation of strategies of human resource is a complex process and the strategy is highly influenced by business strategies and a set of factors influence them. Human resource practices pursued by employers at organizational level is dependent on number of factors such as production and their own business strategies, cooperative labor relations and support for HR practices. A contingent approach is required to be adopted by multinational organization in formulation of appropriate strategic choices. Critical needs of business should be identified, and strategy formulation should incorporate collective and experience judgment about the requirements of organization (Al Adresi and Darun 2016). Organizational culture- Culture of organization has a considerable influence on the way human resources strategies are planned and executed. It is required by operating enterprise to have sufficient assessment of cultural factors as the attainment of goals is supported y cultural background of organization. Technological advancement- Technology plays a very important role in formulation of human resource strategies as organization is entering into new generation and they are required to hire employees in different ways in growing competitive environment. Internal and external factors- Strategies of human resource in an organization is significantly affected by internal factors such as availability of skills of workforce and profiles of workforce. Some external factors involve competition in labor market, forecasting, outsourcing and gap analysis. Government policies and legislations- Legislations and policies framed by government have a considerable impact on the formation of strategies of human resources. Strategies of organization should be well aligned with the policies of government. Workforce demographics- The current workforce demographic requires management of human resource requires more than just hiring and terminating. For attracting and retaining younger talent, organization is requiring having different types of compensation packages and rewarding system. Implementation factor- Implementation problems should also be considered while developing strategies. Operations of organization should not be disrupted with the human resource strategies formulation (Schippmann 2013). To continue the operations of business seamlessly, strategy development requires employees to train in appropriate way. The key elements of a human resource management strategy. Some of the key elements of human resource management strategies are as follows: Training- Training can be defined as the process that enables a systematic and planned modification in behavior of employees through programmers, learning events and instruction provided. It helps employees to carrying out their duties efficiently by achieving particular levels of competence, skills and knowledge required. Learning- Learning is a process that leads to permanent change in behavior of employees resulting from their daily practices and experiences gained. One of the major processes of human adaption is process of learning that helps in formulating the strategies of human resource management. Education- In all aspects of life, it is required by individual to carry out development of values, knowledge and understanding. For carrying out developed and Development- Development is the realization or growth in the ability of individual employees that is achieved through the provision of educational and learning experiences. Talent management- It is one of the strategy for engraining employees and it is linked to transition and promotion of employees into new roles. Employees are engaged to provide organization with better ideas for helping making customers feel and provide them with better experience. Performance management- Sainsbury employs a mix method of performance management that involves improvement and continuous management. Employees are rewarded and recognized using different method of performance evaluations. Performance of employees is tracked by employment of process of performance Recruitment and selection- Sainsbury employs two process of recruiting people that is accessing application to make decisions and short listing candidates. Organization employees retention program for increasing employee retention and providing employees with every possible opportunities (Fratri?ov and Rudy 2015). Extension activities: How internal and external factors impact on the elements of human resources management strategies. Elements of management of human resource strategies are impacted by internal as well as external factors. Internal factors are related to the factors within the organizational and external factors are the factors outside the organization that might be related to eternal environment of organization. External Factors: Some of the external factors are as follows- Technological change- An organization can have improved human resources such as selection, training, performance appraisal, wages and salaries determination, recruitment and training with the help of implementation of latest technology. Practice of human resources would be able to done in a more effective way (Ugheokeet al. 2015). The recruitment programs at Sainsbury has been changed and advanced due to incorporation of technology in the process. Development and training strategy of organization have been improved due to incorporation of technology and enabling them to improve their knowledge and skills that enable them to effectively perform their duties. Change in culture of nation- Strategies of human resources is affected by changing the way in which management responses to local sensitivities. National characteristic influence the strategies of organization that is related with behavioral attitude of managers. Change in international economy- The strategies of human resource of multinational company is changed in affirmative way due to change in international economy. EasiClean would be provided with the scope of enlarging their manufacturing activities resulting from increased employment proportion if there is n positive change in economy (Jannatian 2016). Internal Factors: Some of the internal factors are as follows- Structure of organization- Effectiveness of strategies of human resources is dependent upon the structure of organization. The ways policies are framed and adopted are related with organizational structure. Formulation of strategy at Sainsbury is done according to their structure and there is a fundamental reassessment of positions and structures. Skill level of employees- An increase in skill level of current employees of organization also forms the basis of framing and modification of strategies of human resources. Compliance- An organization is required to frame its elements of human resources by adhering to the standards and legislations of country in which they are operating so that they are fulfilling all legal requirements. Evaluate the model used by an organization in the development of its HR strategy. For answering this particular question, an organization named Sainsbury has been employing Harvard model for encouraging the commitment of its employees through human resource flow, employee influence, and work and reward system. It is recommended by Harvard model that it is ensured by managers that reward system is consistent with the goals of organization. Rewards are given to employees by way of monetary and non-monetary benefits. One of the parts of this model is the system of human resources and formulation of strategies is done by taking into consideration interest of stakeholders, long-term impacts of decisions and outcomes of human resources (Khalil Darwish et al. 2013). Sainsbury also employs Guest HRM model for gaining knowledge and learning in the flied of strategic management of human resources. This helps in empowering and motivating employees working within organization in terms of professional growth and decision making. Selection of workers is done only if they are incumbent and are aligned with goals of organization. Employment of this model helps employees to be a part of decision making process and enhancement of performance. Developing a strategic human resource management strategy for Walco Plc. The strategic human resource management strategy is developed by Walco Plc that is a large chain of super market for improving performance of organization. An organization is able to achieve its objective if it incorporates strategic concept in the development of HR strategies. Some of the strategic aspects that will be included for the development involve setting up a corporate plan, initiatives, key relations and speed of decision. Planning of organization is done in such a way that there is alignment between organizational competencies and goals for setting HR strategy. For ensuring that business strategies are achieved, managers of organization need to appoint right people in right place. Policies of Walco should be integrated with business policies for providing a supporting platform to all personnels. Strategically, managing the human resource department of organization takes into consideration facts such as human resource system, their organizational structure and organizational objectives and goals (Ugheokeet al. 2015). Strategies of human resource management employ development of following strategies: Recruitment and job analysis- HRM at Walco plc has the responsibility of recruiting employee for filling up several positions in organization. Analysis of industry trends, job applications and future employment anticipation are done by the management for determining experience and skills in adequately filling the positions. Utilization and maintenance- The workforce of company is maintained by organization. Organizational framework is designed in such a way that maximum usage of human resources are done. Management of worker relations is involved in maintenance task of human resource. It also involves development of communication system and grievance handling relating to employees. Performance management- Under this particular strategy, assessment of performance of employees is done along with providing feedback to management regarding both negative and positive performance of employees. Promotion and increment of salary of employees are done by the method of performance appraisals (Lengnick et al. 2013). Employee development and training- Identification of training need for employees is the responsibility of human resource department of Walco plc. Training programs by organization ranges from employment of ambitious education programs for making then acquainted with say new software system to orientation program for acclimating new hire of company. Reward system- Reward system is an important part of management of human resources at Walco plc. This particular strategy provides organization with a mechanism for managing rewards of employees for their performance and providing them incentives. How the proposed human resources management strategy will support achievement of the business objectives for Walco plc. The business objective of Walco plc is to have a clear focus in developing new opportunities and running core business operations. Achievement of this strategic business objective requires integration with strategic human resource development. Employees are required to be encouraged for achieving the set objective of organization. Development of human resource should have set performance objectives where strategies are developed for enabling staffs to increase their productivities and meeting the set goals (Belcourt and McBey 2016). Achievement of objectives would be done by pool of developed resources available to managers. For ensuring efficient running of business of Walco Plc, the proposed business strategies will help in achievements of business objectives. Teams and employees of organization will be able to gain an in depth understanding of organization with the help of effective performance management. Walco capability leading o higher performance in their operational areas requires integration of system of performance management that will lead to achievement of objectives. Training and development of employees focuses on activities for employees development and helps in creating learning organization and ensures effective performance of employees through value addition and will enable them to effectively perform jobs and helps organization in gaining competitive advantage. Training employees will help in addressing weakness of employees, increasing productivity and ensuring satisfaction of workers. The optimal fulfillment of efficient carrying out business operations can be promoted by reward program. It also helps in alignment of business objectives of Walco and successful performance of job. Set goals of organization can be met with encouraging employees and rewarding them and ultimately helps in achieving business objectives. Extension activities: The potential barriers to the implementation of a human resource management strategy. The successful implementation of strategies of human resources can be impacted by several factors and some of the barriers are listed below: Inadequate assessment of cultural and environmental factors that would have effect strategies content and failure on part of management to understand business strategic needs. One of the challenges to the implementation of human resource management strategy is diversity in culture. Organization such as Walco Plc for implementing strategies requires modification of control management style so that they fit into local cultures. In large organization such as Walco Plc, there is tendency on part of employees to misunderstand some complex initiates take by management that might create obstacle in strategy implementation. Employees are reluctant to adopt to new business practices and in this regard, it is required by organization to customize the established protocols for effective communication and overall acceptance. Existence of inconsistencies between values and corporate strategies and bureaucratic culture of organization. Resistance to change- An organization can face barrier regarding the prospered new model due to resistance on part of employees to change. Global growth of company like Walco Plc requires integration of human resource into workforce. The complexities of bringing workforce in an organization are required to be assessed by organization by bringing together employees from different corporate and societal culture. Availability of skills- It is certainly possible in organization that there might not be enough skills for adopting the new advanced model. They might not have sufficient knowledge and require updating and training on same. This might act as barrier to implementation of prospered human resource strategy. Organization such as Sainsbury might face employees that are not updated and knowledge about skills required to handle new technological facets. Assessment of skills are required to be done through creation of training program that will assist in filling gaps after hiring of employees and development of skills across divergent talent that has been sourced. References: Al Adresi, A.S. and Darun, R., 2016. Enhancing Employees Trust and Commitment through Strategic Human Resource Management: A Literature Review. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(5), pp.413-426. Ardito, L. and Petruzzelli, A.M., 2017. Breadth of external knowledge sourcing and product innovation: The moderating role of strategic human resource practices. European Management Journal, 35(2), pp.261-272 Bamberger, P.A., Biron, M. and Meshoulam, I., 2014. Human resource strategy: Formulation, implementation, and impact. Routledge. Belcourt, M. and McBey, K.J., 2016. Strategic human resources planning. Nelson Education. Campbell, J., 2014. Health human resource as strategic business partner (Doctoral dissertation, University of Phoenix). Coetzer, A. and Sitlington, H., 2014. Using research informed approaches to strategic human resource management teaching. The International Journal of Management Education, 12(3), pp.223-234. Fratri?ov, J. and Rudy, J., 2015. Get Strategic Human Resource Management Really Strategic: Strategic HRM in Practice. International Journal of Management Cases, 17(4). Jackson, S.E., Schuler, R.S. and Jiang, K., 2014. An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management. Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), pp.1-56. Jannatian, M., 2016. Study of the Relationship between Strategic Human Resource Management and Firm Performance (Case Study: Iran Khodro Company). Modern Applied Science, 11(3), p.38. Khalil Darwish, T. and Singh, S., 2013. Does strategic human resource involvement and devolvement enhance organisational performance? Evidence from Jordan. International Journal of Manpower, 34(6), pp.674-692. Kramar, R., 2014. Beyond strategic human resource management: is sustainable human resource management the next approach?. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(8), pp.1069-1089. Lengnick-Hall, M.L., Lengnick-Hall, C.A. and Rigsbee, C.M., 2013. Strategic human resource management and supply chain orientation. Human Resource Management Review, 23(4), pp.366-377. Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Donnelly, R. and Kynighou, A., 2016. Human resource management at work. Kogan Page Publishers. Marler, J.H. and Fisher, S.L., 2013. An evidence-based review of e-HRM and strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 23(1), pp.18-36. Nel, P.S., Werner, A., Botha, C., Du Plessies, A., Mey, M., Ngalo, O., Poisat, P. and Van Hoek, L., 2014. Human resources management. Oxford University Press Southern Africa. Riley, M., 2014. Human resource management in the hospitality and tourism industry. Routledge. Schippmann, J.S., 2013. Strategic job modeling: Working at the core of integrated human resources. Psychology Press. Shaemi, A., Allameh, S.M. and Hoveyda, H.R., 2014. Analyze the Impact of Strategic Human Resource Management Functions on Productivity of Human Resources. Arthprabandh: A Journal of Economics and Management, 3(8), pp.80-96. Snell, S.A., Morris, S. and Bohlander, G.W., 2015. Managing human resources. Nelson Education. Ugheoke, S.O., Isa, M.F.M. and Noor, W.S.W.M., 2015. Antecedents of Strategic Human Resource Management Practices on Intangible Firm Performance: Analytical Investigation of SMEs. Asian Social Science, 11(13), p.33. Walsh, D.J., 2015. Employment law for human resource practice. Nelson Education.

Radio Free Dixie free essay sample

Williams and the Roots of Black Power, Tyson details the life of a remarkable man who had the audacity not only to challenge racial injustice in America but also to contest the rarely disputed strategies of Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Establishment. Tyson uses Williams life to illustrate his central thesis: how both the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power Movement emerged from the same roots, confronted similar predicaments, and ultimately were fighting for the same thing: justice and freedom for blacks in America.Historians have customarily portrayed the civil rights movement as a nonviolent call on Americas conscience juxtaposing he subsequent rise of Black Power as a violent repudiation of the civil rights dream. As Robert Williamss story demonstrates, independent black political action, grassroots organizing, and armed self-reliance all operated in the South in conjunction with legal efforts and nonviolent protest. Tyson’s use of biography allows the readers to better relate to the experiences of Robert Williams therefore emphasizing the parallels and common threads between the two movements. We will write a custom essay sample on Radio Free Dixie or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, it could just has easily been Dr.King, as a young boy that happened to witness that elderly black woman being beaten by a racist police officer; and the likelihood that any black person could have witnessed a similar event during that time period, unfortunately is quite likely. With the scene that Tyson created, it becomes instantly relatable and of course it would seem only rational to retaliate; the difference only lies in the approach to retaliation. Williams said himself â€Å"My only difference with Dr. King is that I believe in flexibility in the freedom struggle †. We can also look at the involvement of the NAACP for parallels.While both the non-violent movement and the armed self-reliance movement were involved with the NAACP, both movements experienced issues with the organization. Williams was the President of the Monroe and Union County branch of the NAACP, a branch that was extremely unique due to its majority composition of working class blacks and a leadership that was not middle-class. Tyson focuses on the difference in ideology based on class and further details the Williams/Wilkins divide. Williams later clashed heavily with Roy Wilkins, chairman of the national NAACP over Williams’ radical views and his public threat to â€Å"meet violence with violence†.Interestingly enough, the non-violent movement also had its issues with the national chapter, as King and Wilkins did not always see eye to eye. Tyson is also able to illustrate the parallels in the successes and the impact that both movements had on American society. Whether it was a 250, 000 person March on Washington, or 5 black guys with guns protecting the gravesite of a black veteran, every success, every fight big or small, violent or non-violent contributed and continues to contribute to the quest for racial justice in America.Tyson uses Williams’s biography as a means of putting the movement in context and providing the reader with some insight in to the experiences of black freedom fighters. His use of anecdotes combined with historical background and statistics are both particularly pe rsuasive and informative. The story-telling effect allows for a fairly easy read that provides a great deal of information along the way. Tyson’s book in comparison to similar biographical works based in this time period was laid out particularly well which again allowed for an easy read. Similar to Dr.King’s autobiography, Tyson goes in depth in to the roots of Williams’ past deciphering his experiences and relating them to the final product. For example, detailing Williams’ life back to the ideologies of his grandparents, his childhood, experiences with racial injustice and his military career allowed for a deeper understanding of his transformation in to a militant black leader. Another effective tactic Tyson used to depict Williams’ life was to focus his relationships with several other prominent black leaders at the time. ; Roy Wilkins, Dr. King, Thurgood Marshall etc. This allows the reader to find parallels and better understand the complexities of the black freedom struggle. Tyson highlights the incongruity in strategy and ideology in his detailing of these relationships yet maintains his central thesis that in the end they were all fighting for the same thing. The life of Robert Williams underlines many aspects of the ongoing black freedom struggle: The decisive racial significance of World War II and the impact of the Cold war on the Freedom Struggle and equally important the centrality of questions of sexuality and gender in racial politics.Particularly interesting was Tyson’s analysis of the rhetoric of protecting women as an integral part of the politics controlling women. Again, both the non-violent and militant movements share this in common. The black freedom struggle is notorious for its sexism whether intentional or not. You could take the Women’s Political Council from the Montgomery Bus Boycott or the female leadership in the Black Panther Party you would find these women were more than instrumental in the movement and ended up taking a back seat to a Martin Luther King Jr. or Robert F. Williams. Especially within the context of the class, the comparison of Dr.King and Williams is a complex one. A non-violent movement that appeals to the very conscience of society is difficult to challenge yet in Tyson’s depiction, Williams is able to unravel the entire strategy. Tyson quotes the Williams/King debate published in Liberation Magazine when Williams says: â€Å"Among the well-armed white population, there is open defiance to law and order throughout the south today. Where law has been broken down, only self-defense could deter the attacks of white terrorists who commit violence in service of their own sincere beliefs and time-honored prerogatives. Non-violence is a very potent weapon when the opponent is civilized. † This is an interesting point that Williams makes because so much of the non-violent movement relied on violence from the white counterparts in order to receive national attention. It was the water-hoses and attack dogs being set loose on non-violent men, women and children that grabbed the nation’s attention for a brief moment. As we saw in Albany, when whites were strategic and didn’t respond with violence, the movement was deemed a failure.An interesting similarity between King and Williams is that they both very firmly believed they were taking the high road. King in the sense that he believed non-violence was the ultimate form of resistance calling on a moral order to bring justice. Williams in the sense that he believed there was no higher honor than that of protecting your family and the women and children of your community by any means necessary. Tyson also details very carefully the relationship between King and Williams. Constant animosity towards each other, public denouncement, and constantly calling each other out to better represent America’s back population.In Tyson’s depiction, it seems the only thing they were able to agree on in the end was the opposition of the Vietnam War. Tyson writes plenty on the similarities of their respective movements yet there sees to be this constant juxtaposition of the two as individuals. In this sense, Tyson seemingly fails to detail the similarities between King and Williams throughout the course of their illustrious careers as freedom fighters. Tyson’s portrayal of the life of Robert F. Williams, allows us to better understand the complexities of the black freedom struggle. In his story Tyson unveils to us a man who was partly, if not wholly responsible for the influence and transition in the black freedom struggle from non-violence to self-defense. His ideologies and actions inspired future leaders such as Carmichael and Ricks, the Black Panthers and Malcolm X and allowed for an alternative to the mainstream Civil Rights Establishment of the 1950’s and 60’s. The traditional narrative of the civil rights movement as a movement characterized solely and predictably by non-violent civil rights protest obscures the full complexity of racial politics.As Tyson states â€Å"It idealizes black history, downplays the oppression of Jim Crow Society, and even understates the achievements of African American resistance. â€Å" What Tyson argues is that it is the recognition of the histories and lives of those such as Robert F. Williams that allow us to better understand the context of our own histories, that ultimately we all have a dream of raci al equality and social justice, and how far we still have to go to achieve that dream.

Roman Fever essays

Roman Fever essays It is generally believed that sentimentality is something not to be played with. Love is like fire, play with it and you will get burnt some day. On the other hand, it is also assume that the higher the climb, the heavier the fall. More than often, the weapon you use to harm others turns back to hurt you. Long-standing friends do not mean that they are entirely sincere to each other. A person has his/her own self, own personality which always aims at victory and superiority over other people. The two women in their young age love the same man, or at least want him to marry them, a certain Delphin. But of course only one succeeds: Alida, but with a trick, with which Alida wants to crush her friend Grace because shes always a woman with a passion of winning her opponents. She writes a letter to Grace taking Delphins name, telling Grace to come out in the dark to see Delphin, of course without Delphin knowing it. The cold atmosphere at night could make Grace sick. This fever, together with her failure to meet Delphin generates Alidas complete victory, she thinks. But as it turns out later to be her entire failure. Receiving the letter supposedly written by Delphin, Grace writes back to him and they meet afterward. That is beyond Alidas plot. The story may end here, but Whartons technical skill leads us to another trick to make the surprise to Alida complete. That is also her complete failure: Barbara, a child born of Delphin and Graces love affair. Mrs. Slades well-assumed superiority over Mrs. Ansley is impossible for her to endure the paradox: her daughter Jenny is an angel, not as brilliant a girl as Ansleys Barbara. Mrs. Slades greatest mistake is to write a letter ton Ansley. Only an escape literature story, it is made interesting and attractive with a simple plot. The plot and characters move by themselves without the authors intervention. The structure of...

Living Downstream by Sandra Steingraber Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Living Downstream by Sandra Steingraber - Essay Example Everyone who reads will be moved to assume responsibility over the current state of the environment and the diseases that lurk in our planet. One of Steingarber’s major claims is that people are ignorant about the pressing issues concerning the preservation of the environment and human health. For the author, these two things are inseparable. Caring for the environment means caring for human health and vice versa. As such, the diseases from which many people suffer are found or caused by their environment. However, people are unaware of this problem. To prove her claim, Steingraber uses statistical data to illustrate how pesticides harm us. She cites that â€Å"75,000 chemicals now in commercial use, somewhat fewer than 5 to 10 percent of [can] be considered carcinogenic in humans. Five to 10 percent means 3,750 to 7,500 different chemicals. The number of substances we have identified and regulate as carcinogens is, at present, less than 200† (Steingraber 131). Additionally, she states that different types of cancer appear and cases get worse due to people’s unawareness of the cause. This information is truly surprising, and its impact on readers is deep. The identity of the author adds to the impact of her message. Her first-hand experience as a cancer patient makes her a credible commenter on environmental issues. With her personal reflections, she speaks directly to readers and convinces them to take her stand. Many science books are rather difficult to read due to the overflowing data they contain but Steingraber’s book, although it deals with science, is extraordinarily enticing because of the personal appeal of the author. She designed the book to make it appear literary while it contains factual and statistical evidences. The result of this style is an interesting work that readers will find easy to read and engaging. The narrative is made emotionally impactful by the personal

'Petroglyph Park' by Jaune Quick-to-See Smith and 'The large Blue Term Paper

'Petroglyph Park' by Jaune Quick-to-See Smith and 'The large Blue Horses' byFranz Marc - Term Paper Example Franz, was a very sensitive painter who was well known for expressing his feelings and emotions through his pieces of art. He loved painting animals, especially horses because he felt that animals are innocent creatures and are much closer to God than human beings. Both artists, Juane and Franz had their own unique and peculiar style of painting but yet shared some commonality between them – such as abstract figures and the use of rich colors. Juane’s paintings are well known as â€Å"inhabited landscapes† while she makes use of modernist color and unique techniques created from her vocabulary of art work which includes oil painting as well as works on paper. The Petroglyph Park was started by Juane about five years later when she completed her MA in art in 1980, from the University of New Mexico and it is this series of paintings that established her artistic voice in the lineage of landscape painting in America. In her modern abstraction of the Petroglyph Park, she makes use of a unique compositional style with brilliant colors and gestural layers of paint. ‘The Large Blue Horses’ by Franz Marc is an expression of his feelings towards animals in general. His type of painting belongs to the category of ‘Expressionists’ as it depicts the sensitive feelings and emotions of the artist.

Suffering in Christianity Essay Example for Free

Suffering in Christianity Essay 1. Consider how any single religious tradition copes with the problem of suffering and evil in the world. Nearly every human being on earth has asked this common question. â€Å"Why all the suffering and evil in this world? ’. The presence of evil and suffering has forced adherents of all religious traditions to question their beliefs, their religious identity and their understanding of the ultimate reality. Christians in particular, are faced with these questions and life situations of suffering and evil, confronted to them, on a daily basis. When confronted with life situations they have questioned why an all powerful and an all loving God would allow this to happen. There has been a variety of responses to these questions. Christians have explained suffering and evil as, ultimate judgement of sin, consequences in living in a fallen world, and perhaps the idea of the world not being created in a perfects sense. These are just one of the many responses Christians have thought. However, even though Christians may never know the definite explanation, Christians cope with the idea of evil and suffering by finding ways to respond to it. With the idea of love and compassion taught by Jesus Christ, their goal is to find multiple ways to end suffering and evil through various organizations, actions, deeds and prayers. This illustrates that Christians respond to suffering so the creation of an ideal society in which all suffering and evil can be eliminated. Furthermore, Christians can come to experience the new kingdom of Christ, where love, peace and tranquillity are the centre of all. Suffering which is remotely linked to evil, forces adherents to understand the different kinds of suffering, and how it affects their outlook on life and death. The website â€Å"Suffering and the problem of Evil† states that â€Å"Human suffering, takes on many forms: emotional, natural, and moral. Loneliness, anxiety, and grief are examples of emotional suffering. Fires, tornados, earthquakes, hurricanes, and physical illness are examples of natural suffering. Moral suffering is brought on by the deliver act acts of a fellow human beings to cause suffering, something Christians call a moral evil† (Suffering and the problem of Evil. 2013) This demonstrates the result of moral evil leading to emotional, physical and even at times natural disasters. Suffering therefore brings Christians back to reality, to come into realisation with their mortality, which is very easily ignored. It demonstrates the flaws and hints of Christian’s coming death â€Å"It removes the veil; it plants the flag of truth within the fortess of a rebel† (Lewis, Problem of Pain, pg 83) It creates an atmosphere, ultimately, in which Christian’s thoughts are directed towards God. â€Å"God whispers to us in our pleasure, speaks to us in our conscience, but shouts us in our pains: it is his megaphone to rouse a deaf world† (Lewis, Problem of Pain, pg 84). The painful statement of Lewis states, demonstrate the truth about death. That death is horrific no matter what form it may take. So suffering in a Christian perspective, allows them to gently prod on their consciousnesses and forces them to understand that suffering may indeed lead to their future deaths, if they were to leave suffering without response. However if Christians can cast their doubt and turn to God, it can therefore bring a foundation of a new thinking, attitude, hope and living, not only to themselves, but to their faith. In the book of Corinthians, the apostle Paul states â€Å"We are afflicted in every way, but not crushed; perplexed, but not driven to despair; persecuted, but not forsaken; struck down, but not destroyed; always carrying in the body the death of Jesus, so that the life of Jesus may also be manifested in our bodies†, which demonstrate this tension. Furthermore, the term â€Å"suffering and evil† provides many benefits to the Christian Faith. Suffering provides Christians to give proof of the genuineness of their faith, and to serve to purify, and carry their faith. It provides the opportunity for believers to demonstrate their love for each other as adherents of the body of Christ who â€Å"bear one another’s burdens† (Gal 6:2) D. A Carson a Reformed Evangelical Theologian once stated that â€Å"experiences of suffering. engender compassion and empathy.. and make us better to help others† (Carson, 122). This demonstrates how experiences of a Christian’s own suffering and comfort they receive from the ultimate reality, makes Christians more equipped to help those who are still in suffering and victims of evil. Just as the apostle Paul states in the Book of Corinthians â€Å"Who comforts us in all of our troubles; so that we can comfort those in any trouble with the comfort we ourselves receive from God†. ( 2 Corin 1:4) However most importantly, Christians can cope with suffering and evil as their affliction in God increases them to follow God’s will. In the Book of Hebrews, Jesus â€Å"learned obedience from the things he suffered (Heb 5:8). He learnt the value and significance of submitting the will to God, even at the time it was the most difficult thing in the world o do. Tim Costello, CEO of World Vision, witnessed this kind of teaching and devotion God, when World Vision visited Sri Lanka to provide aid and emergencies to those who were victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami â€Å" Many people in Sri Lanka though, who were directly affected , were asking a different question. They were asking how they could not believe in God as a result of the tsunami, since God was all they had left† (Bible Study, Where is God in Suffering- World Vision. 013) Suffering and evil also provides Christians to improve on the relationship with other human beings, and to fulfil and follow their faith, in restoring compassion and God again in Christianity. Tim Costello provides an in depth view of how Christians can respond to suffering and evil, in the mindset of fulfilling faith and God’s word. In an interview he proclaims â€Å"Faith is incredibly important for me. In religious terms, I believe salvation is everything that restores the crippled image in God- dirty water, not enough food. Sin I think is everything that cripples the image of God- not having access to education, injustice, inopportunity. For me that faith position that I believe everyone, despite the lottery of latitude, is made in the image of God is really the core of my faith and my life’ (Full Transcript, Tim Costello Enters the zone. 2013) Tim Costello places emphasis that Jesus challenges Christians to test out their faith, by responding to suffering, to encourage salvation and eliminate sin. He believes that every human being is made in the likeness of God, so therefore all human beings should be treated with love and compassion. This can lead to the faith of Christianity and God to be restored, which has been abruptly destroyed by sin. God taught Christians the demonstrating of compassion by entering the world it in the form of Jesus, who suffered and died for all Christians. He demonstrated that God is not a God who rules from above but carries from below. Therefore he taught all Christians, to continue the work of compassion and faith through Jesus Christ by responding to suffering. As what Jesus Christ said in the Book of John â€Å"as the Father sent me, I send you† (John 20:21) Suffering and evil have sometimes encouraged Christians to devote their lives entirely to helping those with evil and suffering. Not only do they devote their lives to this, but they also provide other Christians encouragement to contribute in the smallest way, in ending suffering. They have taught not only to the Christian faith, but to all religious traditions, how to incorporate Jesus teachings, but more specifically, love and hope. Mother Teresa is one of the many influential Christians who have taken upon this life. Throughout her life, she went out and lived her faith by seeing her God in every human being in front of her, especially the sick, the aged, and the abandoned. She served God by serving God in them, demonstrating that she lived the Gospel with every breath in her body. She established hospitals for the sick and dying, and started the religious new order, the Missionaries of Charity, in Calcutta which is now practiced and spread throughout the world. She was devoted in caring for the poorest of the poor, the sick and the dying. She clean them, feed them, pray with them, and serve them as their spent their last hours in dignity. She demonstrated compassion for those who were less fortunate then she is, as she once said to a man who she was picking muggets off his face â€Å"You pray to your God, and I will pray to Jesus for your healing† With the many attitudes and teachings that Jesus Christ and the Father have provided to their adherents, Christians have also devised many organizations and appeals in contributing to help those who are suffering and victims of evil. In example, many Christians have responded to those who are suffering in extreme poverty. There are many Christian organizations that deal with this. These are World Vision, Compassion International, Salvation Army, Christian Aid and many more. All of these organizations also â€Å"have principles of the Christian religion in their charters† (What are the type of Different Christian NGOS? 2013) In example, the Salvation Army vision is â€Å"a growing, loving, community of people dynamically living God’s mission in a broken world† (The vision, mission and values of the Salvation Army. 2013) Compassion International places emphasis on â€Å"recognizing the suffering of others, then take action to help† (Meaning of Compassion. 013) While all may have different mechanisms in responding to the issue of poverty, they all place emphasis on ending suffering and taking action. As the Book of Timothy says â€Å"They are to do good, to be rich in good works, to be generous and ready to share, thus storing up treasure for themselves as a good foundation for the future, so that they may take hold of that which is truly life† (1 Timothy 6:18) Conclusively, Christianity provides adherents to respond to suffering and evil, in order to cope with it. Christians are challenged and called by Jesus Christ, to realise the destruction of suffering and evil to all people of the world, and to act on it. Christians are called to act with love and compassion as they serve their faith and Lord, by providing essential needs, love and faith to all those who are still encountering suffering. However furthermore they are called to act as a collective and restore the image of faith and Christianity, and to provide hope, so a world of suffering and evil can soon be eliminated.

Hill House :: essays research papers

Ever do something stupid to impress someone? Throughout a person’s life they will do something very ignorant or say something very stupid hundreds of times. Most of the time it is because they are trying to impress somebody or change their ways to make someone or others accept them. The story â€Å"Haunting of Hill House† has great examples of people changing just to fit in. The author Shirley Jackson, who died in 1965, was one of the most brilliant writers of her time. She was widely acclaimed for her hair-raising stories and novels of the supernatural. Although the â€Å"Haunting of Hill House† fits this description perfectly with its eerie description of supernatural tales of the happenings of Hill House; there is a more to it than hauntings. The story starts out with three guests being invited to the house to monitor any out of the ordinary occurrences in Hill House. Throughout the story the guests experience some ghostly moments. However during this one of t he guest named Eleanor changes her ways to fit in with the guests. Her actions show that society’s views on a person can lead that person to things they would never have thought of. One example would be when Eleanor told lies about herself and her past. Another example would be when Eleanor went around the house alone having no fear. Finally Eleanor became open and spoke out what was on her mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An example of society’s views on a person leading them to things they never thought of was when Eleanor became a liar and lied about her past. Today a lot of people are pressured so much by society to be a certain way they will lie about themselves to fit in with those certain people. In the story Eleanor feels that she does not fit in with the group of people who are staying at Hill House. She is a person with a lack of confidence so she feels she has to lie to feel accepted. â€Å"Theodora came through the bathroom door into Eleanor’s room; she is lovely, Eleanor thought, turning to look; I wish I were lovely.† This quote shows the lack of confidence she has. One of Eleanor’s lies was when she told the others she lived alone in an apartment. This is not true because she lives with her sister and her boyfriend in a house. The reason she told this lie was because Theo lived in an apartment with a friend so she felt Theo would not accept her. Hill House :: essays research papers Ever do something stupid to impress someone? Throughout a person’s life they will do something very ignorant or say something very stupid hundreds of times. Most of the time it is because they are trying to impress somebody or change their ways to make someone or others accept them. The story â€Å"Haunting of Hill House† has great examples of people changing just to fit in. The author Shirley Jackson, who died in 1965, was one of the most brilliant writers of her time. She was widely acclaimed for her hair-raising stories and novels of the supernatural. Although the â€Å"Haunting of Hill House† fits this description perfectly with its eerie description of supernatural tales of the happenings of Hill House; there is a more to it than hauntings. The story starts out with three guests being invited to the house to monitor any out of the ordinary occurrences in Hill House. Throughout the story the guests experience some ghostly moments. However during this one of t he guest named Eleanor changes her ways to fit in with the guests. Her actions show that society’s views on a person can lead that person to things they would never have thought of. One example would be when Eleanor told lies about herself and her past. Another example would be when Eleanor went around the house alone having no fear. Finally Eleanor became open and spoke out what was on her mind.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An example of society’s views on a person leading them to things they never thought of was when Eleanor became a liar and lied about her past. Today a lot of people are pressured so much by society to be a certain way they will lie about themselves to fit in with those certain people. In the story Eleanor feels that she does not fit in with the group of people who are staying at Hill House. She is a person with a lack of confidence so she feels she has to lie to feel accepted. â€Å"Theodora came through the bathroom door into Eleanor’s room; she is lovely, Eleanor thought, turning to look; I wish I were lovely.† This quote shows the lack of confidence she has. One of Eleanor’s lies was when she told the others she lived alone in an apartment. This is not true because she lives with her sister and her boyfriend in a house. The reason she told this lie was because Theo lived in an apartment with a friend so she felt Theo would not accept her.

Psychology, Theology and the Spiritual Life in Christian Counseling Essay

1. This paper is a book review that will deal with the above work by McMinn and the nature of Christian counseling in general. The work is a whole is designed to be easily read, and reads very quickly at the price of sophistication. Its ultimate purpose is one of integration on wto levels: first, the integration of the â€Å"broken† person back into loving relationships, chiefly with God, who is a God of healing, and second, the immensely important integration of theology with the aims of counseling. Counseling without God is a far less complex affair than Christian counseling. The secular counselor can be safely utilitarian, whatever helps heal the person might be tried or advocated. However, with Christian counseling, the idea of integration is all important. Christians have a specific view of the personality that cannot be ignored in counseling. These ideas on the human personality is based around our inherent sinfulness and â€Å"brokenness. † (McMinn, 1996, 32). This is central, all of humanity is in need of counseling of some sort, but the final end of counseling, that of union with God in and by healthy relationships with other persons, provides far more difficult challenges than the more utilitarian secularist. Furthermore, the idea of the integration of the ego out of its sinful (yet natural) drive to self-sufficiency (cf. 35-40ff) is another specifically Christian idea when coupled with the important idea of Grace, the Grace that is, by its very function, a healing balm. Hence, the counselor must also know how to â€Å"give way† to grace, grace that is not in the control of the counselor. The notion of the â€Å"abuse of power† so important to the chapter on â€Å"Sin†is precisely not realizing the fact that the Christian counselor must act as a conduit of grace and not its â€Å"dispenser. † Thus, the counselor that does not realize this gap, the gap between the counselor and the will of God for the broken victim has failed in his duty. The grace for the believer is always present, and Christian counseling must have a sense that his duty is to help the victim find it. The basic thesis of the book is sound from a theological and a psychological point of view: the modern secular mentality stresses ego satisfaction and ones â€Å"control† over ones life. But this is little more than the institutionalization of original sin: this is the problem, not the solution. This desire, natural to fallen man, to be self-sufficient is the root of all psychological problems. Hence, the work takes this fundamental insight through the various ideas that develop in the process of counseling: prayer, scripture, forgiveness, etc. Each concerns itself with bringing the patient to a fuller understanding of the nature of his alienation, both from others an from God. 2. In the section on prayer, I was struck by several things, things that I recall myself going through. I was always taken aback by the attacks on prayer by both mainline psychology and society at large: why would one pray if God is all knowing? Of course this is not an easy question, and the church fathers dealt with it in some detail. I began to see prayer as being of 2 kinds: the intercessory prayer, or the literal meaning of prayer in the sense as â€Å"to ask. † This is not a part of Christian counseling to any great degree. But the second form of prayer, that of communion and oneness, is. The prayerful meditation of the ancient monks has healing properties even apart of belief. Prayer, as McMinn points out, reduces stress, creates a bond with the counselor, and places the problems of man in a theological context (66ff). The same might be said for his section on Scripture: is not Job an excellent case study for the Christian counselor? Is not David and his sins even better? (Cf. 100) It seems to me that the development of my own prayer life since being involved with counseling has more to do with dealing rather than asking. , In other words, it seems to me that pure prayer is not about asking for things: God knows what we need. Pure prayer is about dealing with that which God has given us in our own development. Suffering is no a bad thing with a prayerful attitude: it permits us to reject the world and its comforts, and to seek our rest in God alone. Christians involved in counseling should avoid, as my experience has shown, treating prayer as a means of â€Å"getting† things. This can lead to disappointment and a belief that God is merely a great cosmic vending machine that exists to grant wishes. I recall my older view that prayer was about â€Å"getting,† instead of â€Å"dealing. † Prayer as a means of communing with God in the midst of suffering is both a very Christian idea as well as a powerful tool in counseling Christians. 3. A major issue that arises from reading this book is the difficulty of the task. The author is writing for a popular audience, and hence, can not get into the deep psychology and theology necessary to make his this work. Theology is the highest of the sciences, and this is because the understanding of Christ as Logos gives both the efficient and final cause of creation, including our minds. The Logos is the being of all things so far as they exemplify a cosmic reason, an interconnectedness that makes nature understandable and law-abiding. But our problem arises, both as Christians and as counselors, when we are forced to deal with the affects of the fall: a nature that bears God’s energy (though not her person), but is only poorly reflected in our minds that have been darkened by sin. Christianity has been worried about this healing since St Gregory of Nyssa and Augustine, who have dealt with the church and the Christian life as primarily a psychological affair, an affair of the consciousness, but a consciousness whose own drives seek to obliterate God and his presence in the interests of self centeredness. The very nature of the book in question cannot get into these issues except in trite examples. The book needs to build upon Christ as Logos before any serious psychology can be done. Putting this differently, the point is that Christ is to be found in the human mind in that it bears traces, fingerprints of the creator, but the creator as the Son, the image of the Father. The cosmic reason found in all things. This is an ontological problem, one that needs to inform all Christian psychology. Th reality is that this book is far too simple, far to â€Å"easy† and cannot gt to th heart of the matter. 4. In terms of action, I want to take from McMinn’s section on Scripture. This is likely the most valuable part of the work, and Scripture, to say the least, is only rarely considered a bok of counseling or psychology. Yet, the scriptures are saturated with psychological insight. Hence, my action here is to begin bringing scriptural sources into counseling. Even with secular patients, the Bible, even if the patient does not necessarily believe its divine origin, still contains many positive and negative examples for people to consider. The sins of David, including murder, are helpful is showing the example of repentance and the fact that a spiritual giant like David can be so flawed. I might say the same of Noah, after his drunkenness. God can forgive anything. The prophets such as Jeremiah or Amos were all persecuted for their beliefs and complete refusal to compromise. For people to be treated harshly because of their faith is something Christ explicitly mentions as the lot of the Christian: scripture is about God’s presence amidst a world that does not recognize him, whether it be the establishment of Judah or the Jewish Pharisees. The Christian Will suffer–there is no getting out of that, it is built into the process of both living and counseling. Christ Himself is such an example. Therefore, in dealing with patients, the Scriptures will be the central component in counseling for the examples they contain: examples of righteous suffering, but suffering with a purpose. Suffering with a purpose is bearable, suffering for no reason is not,. There is not a major figure in the Scriptures that is not persecuted for one reason or another by a world that does not understand te godly life. For us as counselors, nothing can be more important, useful or inspiring.